EngineerHub.orgWhat this calculator does
Combines a searchable-style material reference table with Hooke’s-law calculations for uniaxial elastic stress, strain, extension and force.
Inputs
Results
Typical Young's modulus values
| Material | Typical low (GPa) | Typical high (GPa) | Calculator midpoint (GPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural steel | 200 | 210 | 205 |
| Stainless steel | 190 | 205 | 197.5 |
| Aluminium alloys | 68 | 72 | 70 |
| Copper | 110 | 130 | 120 |
| Brass | 90 | 110 | 100 |
| Titanium alloys | 100 | 120 | 110 |
| Cast iron | 80 | 170 | 125 |
| Concrete | 20 | 40 | 30 |
| Glass | 50 | 90 | 70 |
| Oak, along grain | 9 | 14 | 11.5 |
| Pine, along grain | 7 | 13 | 10 |
| Nylon | 1.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
| HDPE | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.15 |
| Rubber | 0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0505 |
Background
Optional reading — open any section below.
Young’s modulus is the slope of the linear elastic stress–strain curve: E = σ/ε. A higher value means greater stiffness, not necessarily greater strength.
Modulus varies with alloy, heat treatment, fibre direction, moisture, temperature, manufacturing method and test standard. Wood, composites, concrete and printed polymers can be strongly anisotropic or variable.
This reference is for orientation and preliminary calculations. Use material certificates, recognized standards and project-specific design values for engineering work.
Frequently Asked Questions
Practical questions about assumptions, inputs and limitations.
No. Modulus controls elastic deformation. Yield and ultimate strength control how much stress a material can withstand before permanent deformation or failure.
No. The midpoint is only a convenient demonstration value. Select the exact grade, condition, temperature and direction from an authoritative source.
Concrete modulus depends on compressive strength, aggregate, density, age and test method, so no single universal value is appropriate.